Factors associated with the disinfection of devices attached to peripheral intravenous catheters performed by the nursing team in pediatric units.

Background: Peripheral intravenous catheterization, as well as drug administration through it, represents one of the most performed procedures by the Nursing team and, for that, precautions need to be adopted to offer harm-free care. Objective: To verify the association of Nursing professionals' work shift and training time with proper disinfection of intravenous catheter devices in pediatric units. Methods: A cross-sectional and analytical study conducted between June and August 2021 in three hospitalization units of a Pediatric Hospital. The inclusion criterion was drug administration via peripheral intravenous catheters performed by Nursing professionals. The data were analyzed according to inferential statistics, adopting p ≤ .05 as significance level. Results: There were a total of 385 observations of drug administration procedures. The device was not disinfected in 60.3% of the cases, there was no friction at the suitable time in 86.3%, and the disinfectant was not allowed to dry in 72.5%. The work shift exerted no influence on performance of the disinfection procedure (p = .376). However, longer training time was associated with a lower rate in performing such procedure (p < .001). Conclusion: Performing friction below the recommended time can cause a false sense of prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infection; therefore, training sessions and strategies for adherence to the disinfection procedures should be considered, mainly for professionals with more training time.

Selective Venous Sampling Prompting Unilateral Oophorectomy in an Adolescent With PCOS and Markedly Elevated Testosterone.

BACKGROUND: For adolescents with suspected polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and severely elevated testosterone concentrations, imaging is recommended to assess for neoplasm. Selective venous sampling (SVS) can be considered when imaging is nondiagnostic. CASE: An adolescent female treated for PCOS had a peak testosterone of 344 ng/dL (11.9 nmol/L). Imaging did not localize a mass. SVS implicated the right ovary as the source of hyperandrogenism. Following laparoscopic right oophorectomy, pathology excluded a neoplasm and confirmed PCOS. She subsequently had rapid and persistent improvement in her hyperandrogenism. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Striking testosterone elevation can occur with adolescent PCOS. SVS is a tool for localizing the source of severe hyperandrogenism, yet unilaterality is not always diagnostic of a neoplasm. Unilateral oophorectomy could nonetheless be therapeutic for severe PCOS.

Investigating the Kazakhstani Pediatric Nurses' intravenous catheter management knowledge and confidence: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To assess Kazakh pediatric nurses' knowledge and confidence in peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) management and examine the personal and professional factors that influenced them. BACKGROUND: Despite the significance of having high levels of PIVC insertion and care knowledge and confidence among pediatric nurses, the literature portrays inadequacies in the knowledge of these nurses in various parts of the globe. DESIGN: This study is cross-sectional and observational, following the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology checklist in reporting. METHODS: A convenience sample of 200 pediatric nurses working in the University Medical Center in Kazakhstan were surveyed from November to December 2022 using a paper-based questionnaire to assess the PIVC management knowledge and confidence. RESULTS: The respondents had poor knowledge of patient assessment, PIVC insertion, maintenance, and removal. Participants reported high confidence in inserting and maintaining PIVCs among pediatric patients. Nurses' education, pediatric nursing experience, and training in PIVC management in the last 12 months were significant predictors of the nurses' knowledge. PIVC insertion and care knowledge directly influenced the nurses' confidence in these procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high confidence of the nurses, their actual knowledge of these skills needed to be higher. Some personal and professional factors influence the knowledge and confidence of pediatric nurses.

The safe implementation of peripherally inserted central catheters by nurse practitioners for patients with gastroenterological diseases in Japan: a single-center retrospective study.

PURPOSE: As a safe and reliable alternative to central venous catheters (CVCs), peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are commonly used in clinical practice. However, the insertion of PICCs by nurse practitioners (NPs), especially in Japan, has not been reported extensively. Thus, we investigated the safety and efficiency of PICC insertions by NPs. METHODS: The participants were 1322 patients who underwent PICC insertion by NPs at Fujita Health University Hospital (FNPs). The basilic vein in the brachium was the preferred vein for insertion; the brachial vein was the alternative. Patients were monitored from the time of PICC insertion until its removal. Ultrasonography-guided puncture was used for all catheter insertions, and the catheter tip was replaced into the superior vena cava under fluoroscopic imaging with maximal sterile barrier precautions. The outcomes of the PICC insertions by the FNPs were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Overall, 23 FNPs inserted a collective total of 1322 PICCs, which remained in place for a collective total of 23,619 catheter days. The rate of successful PICC insertion was 99% (1310 patients). The median time taken for PICC insertion was 12 min (interquartile range, 10-15 min). Intraoperative complications occurred in two patients (0.2%). The confirmed incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection was 3.4% (45 patients), and these infections occurred on 1.9 per 1000 catheter days. The median duration of PICC placement was 15 days (range, 10-23 days). CONCLUSION: PICC insertion by NPs is safe and a potential alternative to CVC insertion by surgeons.

Comparison of procedure-related pain and patient satisfaction according to catheter size and insertion site in peripheral intravenous catheterization.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheterization is a painful and uncomfortable procedure and is the most commonly used invasive procedure in healthcare institutions. Compare procedure-related pain and patient satisfaction according to catheter size and insertion site in peripheral intravenous catheterization. METHODS: The study was comparative prospective randomized study. Individual Information Form, Visual Analog Scale, and Patient Satisfaction Scale about Catheterization were used for data collection. RESULTS: The highest pain score and the lowest patient satisfaction were determined in 20 gage insertion in the dorsum of the hand. It was less painful to perform the procedure in the forearm than in the dorsum of the hand. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the level of pain experienced due to peripheral intravenous catheterization and patient satisfaction with catheterization. CONCLUSIONS: A smaller peripheral intravenous catheter inserted in the forearm resulted in less pain sensation and higher patient satisfaction.

Effect of rapid cycle deliberate practice in peripheral intravenous catheters insertion training: A simulation experimental study.

AIM: to compare the effect of rapid cycle deliberate practice simulation training with skill-training simulation on peripheral intravenous catheter insertion for Licensed Practical Nurses. BACKGROUND: The use of peripheral intravenous catheters is associated with high rates of complications, although it is widely used in clinical practice. Training strategies to ensure good performance can minimize the risks inherent to this procedure. DESIGN: A randomized simulation experimental pre-post interventional study. METHODS: Sixty participants were allocated to intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 30) groups. Participants allocated to the intervention group were trained through the Rapid cycle deliberate practice simulation strategy, while participants in the control group were trained through the skill-training simulation strategy. A pre-test was applied before any intervention and a post-test after intervention. The primary outcome was the performance in the peripheral intravenous catheter insertion skill. The comparison of correct performance in the tests was analyzed intergroup and intragroup. The effect size of the interventions was also analyzed. The t-Student and Mann-Whitney tests compared the difference between the groups. The training effect was calculated by Cohen's dm and Glass's Δ measures. RESULTS: Performance between the pre-post-test increased from 59.4% to 96% (p < 0.001) in the intervention group and from 57.8% to 93.5% in the control group (p < 0001). There was no statistical difference between the groups after intervention (p = 0225). Cohen's dm measurement was 2.95 and 3.59 in the control and intervention groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The rapid cycle deliberate practice simulation strategy resulted in Licensed Practical Nurses' performance improvements in peripheral intravenous catheter insertion, evidenced by the increase of correct performance actions in the post-test compared to the pre-test. However, with no statistical difference compared to the skill-training simulation strategy.

Comparison between Wright and Shukla formulas: which is better for the placement of umbilical catheters in newborns ≤ 1500 g?

BACKGROUND: Intravascular venous (VUC) or arterial (AUC) umbilical catheter placement is the most frequent invasive procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Either Wright's or Shukla's formula is used to introduce the catheters. However, Shukla's formula is associated with incorrect insertion, especially for newborns < 1500 g. This study aimed to determine by chest X-ray if Wright's formula is better than Shukla's formula for the correct placement of umbilical catheters in newborns ≤ 1500 g. METHODS: We included patients admitted to the NICU of a secondary-level hospital between 2021-2022 who received VUC or AUC through the Wright or Shukla formulas. RESULTS: A total of 129 newborns were included: 78 with VUC and 51 with AUC. In VUC, 50% with Wright and 36.8% with Shukla formulas had the correct location, (p = 0.24). In AUC, 56.6 % with Wright and 52.4% with Shukla formulas were placed correctly placed, (p = 0.76). VUC with weight < 1000 g were correctly placed in 36.4% with Wright and 33.3% with Shukla formulas (p = 0.58). VUC in newborns > 1000 g were correctly placed in 66.6% with Wright and 38.4% with Shukla formulas (p = 0.065). AUC in newborns < 1000 g were correctly placed in 45% using Wright and 42.9% Shukla formulas (p = 0.63). AUC in newborns > 1000 g were correctly placed in 80% using Wright and 57.1% Shukla formulas (p = 0.23). CONCLUSIONS: We found 13% more correctly placed VUC using Wright's formula. Moreover, Wright's formula was 29% above Shukla's VUC placement in neonates > 1000 g, although there was no significant difference due to the sample size.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La colocación de catéteres intravasculares venosos umbilicales (CVU) y arteriales (CAU) es el procedimiento invasivo más frecuente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Para introducirlos se utilizan las fórmulas de Wright y de Shukla, aunque esta última podría estar asociada con una inserción incorrecta, especialmente en neonatos < 1500 g. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar mediante radiografía de tórax cuál fórmula es mejor para la correcta colocación de catéteres umbilicales en recién nacidos ≤ 1500 g. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron los pacientes ingresados en la UCIN de un hospital de segundo nivel entre 2021-2022 que recibieron CVU o CAU mediante las fórmulas de Wrigth o Shukla. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron en total 129 recién nacidos: 78 CVU y 51 CAU. En CVU, Wright 50% y Shukla 36.8% tuvieron localización correcta, p = 0.24. En las CAU, Wright 56.6% y Shukla 52.4% tenían una ubicación correcta, p = 0.76. En CVU con peso < 1000 g, Wright 36.4% y Shukla 33.3% bien situados, p = 0.58. En CVU > 1000 g, Wright 66.6% y Shukla 38.4% bien situados, p = 0.065. En CAU < 1000 g, Wright 45% y Shukla 42.9%, p = 0.63. En CAU con peso > 1000 g, Wright 80% y Shukla 57.1%, p = 0.23. CONCLUSIONES: La colocación del CVU fue 13% mejor con la fórmula de Wright. La fórmula de Wright superó en el 29% la colocación del CVU en los neonatos > 1000 g en comparación con la de Shukla, aunque no hubo diferencia significativa debido al tamaño de la muestra.

Comparison between Wright and Shukla formulas: which is better for the placement of umbilical catheters in newborns ≤ 1500 g? / Comparación entre las fórmulas de Wright y de Shukla: ¿cuál es mejor para la colocación de catéteres umbilicales en recién nacidos ≤ 1500 g?

Abstract Background: Intravascular venous (VUC) or arterial (AUC) umbilical catheter placement is the most frequent invasive procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Either Wright's or Shukla's formula is used to introduce the catheters. However, Shukla's formula is associated with incorrect insertion, especially for newborns < 1500 g. This study aimed to determine by chest X-ray if Wright's formula is better than Shukla's formula for the correct placement of umbilical catheters in newborns ≤ 1500 g. Methods: We included patients admitted to the NICU of a secondary-level hospital between 2021-2022 who received VUC or AUC through the Wright or Shukla formulas. Results: A total of 129 newborns were included: 78 with VUC and 51 with AUC. In VUC, 50% with Wright and 36.8% with Shukla formulas had the correct location, (p = 0.24). In AUC, 56.6 % with Wright and 52.4% with Shukla formulas were placed correctly placed, (p = 0.76). VUC with weight < 1000 g were correctly placed in 36.4% with Wright and 33.3% with Shukla formulas (p = 0.58). VUC in newborns > 1000 g were correctly placed in 66.6% with Wright and 38.4% with Shukla formulas (p = 0.065). AUC in newborns < 1000 g were correctly placed in 45% using Wright and 42.9% Shukla formulas (p = 0.63). AUC in newborns > 1000 g were correctly placed in 80% using Wright and 57.1% Shukla formulas (p = 0.23). Conclusions: We found 13% more correctly placed VUC using Wright's formula. Moreover, Wright's formula was 29% above Shukla's VUC placement in neonates > 1000 g, although there was no significant difference due to the sample size.

Resumen Introducción: La colocación de catéteres intravasculares venosos umbilicales (CVU) y arteriales (CAU) es el procedimiento invasivo más frecuente en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). Para introducirlos se utilizan las fórmulas de Wright y de Shukla, aunque esta última podría estar asociada con una inserción incorrecta, especialmente en neonatos < 1500 g. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar mediante radiografía de tórax cuál fórmula es mejor para la correcta colocación de catéteres umbilicales en recién nacidos ≤ 1500 g. Métodos: Se incluyeron los pacientes ingresados en la UCIN de un hospital de segundo nivel entre 2021-2022 que recibieron CVU o CAU mediante las fórmulas de Wrigth o Shukla. Resultados: Se incluyeron en total 129 recién nacidos: 78 CVU y 51 CAU. En CVU, Wright 50% y Shukla 36.8% tuvieron localización correcta, p = 0.24. En las CAU, Wright 56.6% y Shukla 52.4% tenían una ubicación correcta, p = 0.76. En CVU con peso < 1000 g, Wright 36.4% y Shukla 33.3% bien situados, p = 0.58. En CVU > 1000 g, Wright 66.6% y Shukla 38.4% bien situados, p = 0.065. En CAU < 1000 g, Wright 45% y Shukla 42.9%, p = 0.63. En CAU con peso > 1000 g, Wright 80% y Shukla 57.1%, p = 0.23. Conclusiones: La colocación del CVU fue 13% mejor con la fórmula de Wright. La fórmula de Wright superó en el 29% la colocación del CVU en los neonatos > 1000 g en comparación con la de Shukla, aunque no hubo diferencia significativa debido al tamaño de la muestra.

Validação de conteúdo de uma tecnologia sobre cateter de inserção periférica em unidades neonatais / Content validation of a technology on peripherally inserted central catheter in neonatal units / Validación de contenido de una tecnología sobre catéter de inserción periférica en unidades neonatales

Objetivo: Buscou-se validar uma tecnologia do tipo e-book sobre cateter de inserção periférica para unidades neonatais. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo metodológico, que inferiu como critérios de inclusão enfermeiros neonatologista total de 15 juízes com comprovada experiência prática e científica na área do estudo, com pelo menos 2 anos de atuação profissional e no mínimo de 2 anos em habilitação comprovada por certificado de inserção de catete de inserção periférica, sendo identificados pelo currículo lattes. Os critérios de informações do instrumento foram avaliados por enfermeiros, obtendo um Índice de Validade de Conteúdo mínimo de 90,5% dos conteúdos na primeira rodada de validação. Resultado: Demonstraram que a estratégia metodológica permitiu a construção de conteúdos que representam a necessidade do enfermeiro e demais profissionais na manipulação do cateter. Conclusão: A utilização de tecnologias educacionais facilita o processo de aquisição de conhecimento técnico científica para melhoria assistencial na segurança ao recém-nascido.(AU)

Objective: To validate an e-book technology on peripherally inserted central catheter in neonatal units. Methods: This is a methodological research, thus, a total of 15 expert judges participated in the study. The inclusion criteria were defined as being a nurse, having a specialization in neonatology, 2 years of professional experience in a neonatal intensive care unit and at least 2 years of training in a peripherally inserted central catheter. Results: The instrument's criteria were evaluated by nurses, obtaining approval of 90.5% and Cronbach's alpha 0.915, high reliability among all contents in the first round of validation. The results showed that the methodological strategy allowed the construction of contents that represent the needs of nurses and other professionals in handling the catheter. Conclusion: The use of educational technologies facilitates the process of acquiring scientific technical knowledge to improve care in the safety of newborns.(AU)

Objetivo: validar una tecnología de libro electrónico sobre catéter central de inserción periférica en unidades neonatales. Esta es una investigación metodológica. Un total de 15 jueces expertos participaron en el estudio. Como criterios de inclusión: ser enfermero, tener especialidad en neonatología, 2 años de experiencia profesional en unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales y al menos 2 años de calificación en catéter central de inserción periférica. Los criterios del instrumento fueron evaluados por enfermeros, obteniendo aprobación del 90,5% y alfa de Cronbach de 0,915, alta confiabilidad entre todos los contenidos en la primera ronda de validación. Los resultados mostraron que la estrategia metodológica permitió la construcción de contenidos que representan las necesidades de los enfermeros y otros profesionales en el manejo del catéter. El uso de tecnologías educativas facilita el proceso de adquisición de conocimientos técnicos y científicos para mejorar la atención en términos de seguridad para los recién nacidos.(AU)

The Association of Vasopressor Administration through a Midline Catheter with Catheter-related Complications.

Rationale: Little is known about the safety of infusing vasopressors through a midline catheter. Objectives: To evaluate safety outcomes after vasopressor administration through a midline. Methods: We conducted a cohort study of adults admitted to 39 hospitals in Michigan (December 2017-March 2022) who received vasopressors while either a midline or peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) was in place. Patients receiving vasopressors through a midline were compared with those receiving vasopressors through a PICC and, separately, to those with midlines in place but who received vasopressors through a different catheter. We used descriptive statistics to characterize and compare cohort characteristics. Multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models were fit to determine the association between vasopressor administration through a midline with outcomes, primarily catheter-related complications (bloodstream infection, superficial thrombophlebitis, exit site infection, or catheter occlusion). Results: Our cohort included 287 patients with midlines through which vasopressors were administered, 1,660 with PICCs through which vasopressors were administered, and 884 patients with midlines who received vasopressors through a separate catheter. Age (median [interquartile range]: 68.7 [58.6-75.7], 66.6 [57.1-75.0], and 67.6 [58.7-75.8] yr) and gender (percentage female: 50.5%, 47.3%, and 43.8%) were similar in all groups. The frequency of catheter-related complications was lower in patients with midlines used for vasopressors than PICCs used for vasopressors (5.2% vs. 13.4%; P < 0.001) but similar to midlines with vasopressor administration through a different device (5.2% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.49). After adjustment, administration of vasopressors through a midline was not associated with catheter-related complications compared with PICCs with vasopressors (adjusted odds ratios [aOR], 0.65 [95% confidence interval, 0.31-1.33]; P = 0.23) or midlines with vasopressors elsewhere (aOR, 0.85 [0.46-1.58]; P = 0.59). Midlines used for vasopressors were associated with greater risk of systemic thromboembolism (vs. PICCs with vasopressors: aOR, 2.69 [1.31-5.49]; P = 0.008; vs. midlines with vasopressors elsewhere: aOR, 2.42 [1.29-4.54]; P = 0.008) but not thromboses restricted to the ipsilateral upper extremity (vs. PICCs with vasopressors: aOR, 2.35 [0.83-6.63]; P = 0.10; model did not converge for vs. midlines with vasopressors elsewhere). Conclusions: We found no significant association of vasopressor administration through a midline with catheter-related complications. However, we identified increased odds of systemic (but not ipsilateral upper extremity) venous thromboembolism warranting further evaluation.

Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided, Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter Placement at the Bedside in a Communicable-Disease Isolation Unit.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have investigated the safety of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, it remains uncertain whether PICC placement can be successfully carried out in settings with limited resources and a challenging environment for procedures, such as communicable-disease isolation units (CDIUs). METHODS: This study investigated the safety of PICCs in patients admitted to CDIUs. These researchers used a handheld portable ultrasound device (PUD) to guide venous access and confirmed catheter-tip location with electrocardiography (ECG) or portable chest radiography. RESULTS: Among 74 patients, the basilic vein and the right arm were the most common access site and location, respectively. The incidence of malposition was significantly higher with chest radiography compared to ECG (52.4% vs. 2.0%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Using a handheld PUD to place PICCs at the bedside and confirming the tip location with ECG is a feasible option for CDIU patients.

Ultrasound-Guided Short-Axis Out-of-Plane Approach With or Without Dynamic Needle-Tip Positioning for Peripheral Venous Catheterization in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review With Network Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of the ultrasound-guided approach with and without dynamic needle-tip positioning and the palpation technique regarding success for peripheral venous catheterization in children. DESIGN: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. SETTING: Databases of MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. PARTICIPANTS: Patients (<18 years) undergoing peripheral venous catheter insertion. INTERVENTIONS: Randomized clinical trials were included to compare the following techniques: the ultrasound-guided short-axis out-of-plane approach with dynamic needle-tip positioning, the approach without dynamic needle-tip positioning, and the palpation technique. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The outcomes were first-attempt and overall success rates. Eight studies were included in the qualitative analyses. According to the estimate of network comparison, dynamic needle-tip positioning was associated with higher first-attempt (risk ratio [RR] 1.67; 95% CI 1.33-2.09) and overall success rates (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.08-1.44) than palpation. The approach without dynamic needle-tip positioning was not associated with higher first-attempt (RR 1.17; 95% CI 0.91-1.49) and overall success rates (RR 1.10; 95% CI 0.90-1.33) than palpation. Compared to the approach without dynamic needle-tip positioning, dynamic needle-tip positioning was associated with a higher first-attempt success rate (RR 1.43; 95% CI 1.07-1.92), but not a higher overall success rate (RR 1.14; 95% CI 0.92-1.41). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic needle-tip positioning is efficacious for peripheral venous catheterization in children. It would be better to include dynamic needle-tip positioning for the ultrasound-guided short-axis out-of-plane approach.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of arterial catheter insertion on robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the utility, outcomes, and cost of arterial line placement in a single institution cohort of patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed at a large tertiary care center from July 2018 through January 2021. Hospital costs and cost-effective analysis was performed on patients with and without arterial line placement. Means with standard deviations were used to report continuous variables, while numbers and percentages were utilized to describe categorical variables. T-tests and Chi-square tests compared categorical and continuous variables across study cohorts, respectively. Multivariable analyses were used to examine the association between A-line placement and outcomes as mentioned above adjusting for the effect of other co-variables. RESULTS: Among the 296 included patients, 138 (46.6%) had arterial lines. No preoperative patient characteristic predicted arterial line placement. Rates of complications and re-admissions were not statistically significant between the two groups. Arterial line use was associated with higher volumes of intraoperative fluid administration, as well as a longer hospital length of stay. Total cost and operative time did not significantly differ between cohorts, but arterial line placement increased variability of these factors. CONCLUSION: The use of arterial lines in patients undergoing RALP is not necessarily guideline-driven and does not decrease the rate of perioperative complications. However, it is associated with longer length of stay and increases variability in charge. These data show that the surgical team and anesthesia team should critically evaluate the need for arterial line placement in patients undergoing RALP.

UltraSound guided PEripheral Catheterization increases first-atTempt success RAte in hospitalized patients when compared with conventional technique: SPECTRA - Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is the most common invasive procedure in the hospital setting. Ultrasound guided PIVC insertion in specific populations and settings has shown patient care benefits. OBJECTIVE: To compare the success rate of first attempts of ultrasound guided PIVC insertion performed by nurse specialists with conventional PIVC insertion performed by nurse assistants. METHOD: Randomized, controlled, single-center clinical trial registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov platform under registration NTC04853264, conducted at a public university hospital from June to September 2021. Adult patients hospitalized in clinical inpatient units with an indication for intravenous therapy compatible with a peripheral venous network were included. Participants in the intervention group (IG) received ultrasound guided PIVC performed by nurse specialists from the vascular access team, while those in the control group (CG) received conventional PIVC by nurse assistants. RESULTS: The study included a total of 166 patients: IG (n = 82) and CG (n = 84), mean age 59.5 ± 16.5 years, mostly women (n = 104, 62.7%) and white (n = 136, 81.9%). Success rate on the first attempt of PIVC insertion in IG was 90.2% and in CG was 35.7% (p < 0.001), with a relative risk of 2.5 (95% CI 1.88-3.40) for success in IG versus CG. Overall assertiveness rate was 100% in IG and 71.4% in CG. Regarding procedure performance time, the medians in IG and CG were 5 (4-7) and 10 (6-27.5) min respectively (p < 0.001). As for the incidence of negative composite outcomes, IG had lower rates compared to CG, 39% versus 66.7% (p < 0.001), generating a 42% lower probability of negative outcomes in IG, 0.58 (95% CI: 0.43-0.80). CONCLUSION(S): Successful first-try insertion was higher in the group receiving ultrasound-guided PIVC. Moreover, there were no insertion failures and IG presented lower insertion time rates and incidence of unfavorable outcomes.

Clinical study of complications of a peripherally inserted central catheter in cancer patients.

AIM: To evaluate complications after PICC use in cancer patients. DESIGN: This was a clinical and retrospective study in which the risk factors and complications of PICC use were evaluated. METHODS: This study was carried out in the patient, emergency room, and intensive care units through the evaluation of electronic medical records. To assess the association between qualitative variables, the chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used, and to compare the reason for withdrawal, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. RESULTS: A total of 359 patients (53.5% men) with 43.1 ± 14 years who had a PICC (88% with solid tumours) were evaluated. The most common complications were mechanical complications (61.2%), infection (38%), and thrombosis (57.1%). Patients with double-lumen catheters experienced thrombosis (85.7%). This study demonstrated the effectiveness of PICC and that patients with haematological cancer are more prone to multiple PICC passages and more mechanical complications and infections.

Fracture of an Intravenous Cannula in the Hand: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous cannula insertion is important, given that it is the most common invasive procedure in the emergency department for blood sampling, fluid resuscitation, and intravenous drug administration. Complications of intravenous catheterization include pain, phlebitis, extravasation, inflammation, and embolization. Fracture of an intravenous cannula is rare, but delayed removal may result in secondary damage, such as vasculitis or embolization, with critical consequences. Here, we report a case of intravenous cannula fracture that occurred in our emergency department. CASE PRESENTATION: A 63-year-old woman with a history of left ovarian cancer visited our emergency department owing to poor oral intake and general weakness. Intravenous catheterization using an 18 gauge cannula was attempted for intravenous fluid administration by a skilled operator, but it failed owing to collapsed veins and poor skin condition. After several attempts, a vein in the patient's hand was ruptured, and the patient complained of severe pain. The cannula was removed, but one-third of the cannula tip could not be seen. X-ray imaging was performed to locate the fragment of the cannula, and venotomy was performed for removal of the foreign body in the emergency department. CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians and nurses should be vigilant about potential risk factors that can cause fracture of an intravenous cannula, and after the fracture is discovered, rapid removal of the cannula tip should be performed in the emergency department.

The effects of Valsalva maneuver on pain intensity and hemodynamic status during short peripheral cannula insertion in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the randomized clinical trial studies regarding the effects of Valsalva maneuver on the severity of short peripheral cannula insertion pain and hemodynamic status in adults. A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus databases, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar Search Engine using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings, such as "Valsalva Maneuver," "Valsalva's Maneuver," "Forced Expiratory," "Balloon Inflation," "Pain," "Ache," "Cannulation," "Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation," "Peripheral Catheterization," "Vascular Access," "Venous Cannulation," "Venous Catheterization," and "Catheterization," from the inception to January 1, 2022. Finally, 12 and 11 articles were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of this systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Overall, pain intensity based on both the Numeric Rating Scale and Visual Analog Scale resulted in a large clinical effect (Effect Size: -1.20, 95% Confidence Interval: -1.69 to -0.71, p < 0.001). A large clinical effect was observed in a separate study of both scales because clinical effect has been determined in studies based on the Numeric Rating Scale (Effect Size: -1.26, 95% Confidence Interval: -1.90 to -0.62, p < 0.001 (and Visual Analog Scale (Effect Size: -1.09, 95% Confidence Interval: -1.98 to -0.20, p = 0.016). Valsalva maneuver significantly increased the mean heart rate (Weighted Mean Difference: 1.90, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.56-2.24, p < 0.001), decreased the mean arterial pressure (Weighted Mean Difference: 0.73, 95% Confidence Interval: -0.13 to 1.60, p = 0.096), and caused a non-significant decrease in anxiety (Weighted Mean Difference: -1.95, 95% Confidence Interval: -5.24 to 1.34, p = 0.25). The results showed that Valsalva maneuver significantly reduced pain intensity. Therefore, it is recommended that nurses use it as a convenient and low-cost non-pharmacological intervention to alleviate the severity of pain in non-cardiac patients. Also, it is suggested to conduct the studies with a strong methodological design and consider its effects on hemodynamic parameters in future investigations.

Effects of positive airway pressure on basilic vein diameter and venous flow velocity in healthy volunteers.

INTRODUCTION: The placement of vascular catheters of adequate size in accordance to catheter-to-vein ratio (CVR) recommendations represents one of the cornerstones of catheter-related upper vein thrombosis prevention. However there is scarcity of data on its effect on the venous dynamics of the basilic vein, a common site for long-term catheter placement. This study investigates the effects of the application of positive airway pressure on the diameter and blood flow velocity of basilic vein. We also measured the effects of under-armpit straps, a device commonly used to keep continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) helmets in place. METHODS: We enrolled 28 healthy volunteers. Basilic vein diameter and minimum/maximum blood flow velocity, according to respiratory venous flow oscillation, were measured by ultrasound on the midpoint of their dominant arm during spontaneous breathing and during breathing in a CPAP helmet with 10 cm H2O of airway pressure applied, with the helmet kept in place either through armpit straps or by tying the helmet to the bed. RESULTS: The application of 10 cm H2O of positive airway pressure significantly increased basilic vein diameter by 0.9 ± 0.2 mm, while reducing minimum blood flow velocity by 1.8 ± 0.4 cm/s. These effects were amplified by the application of under armpit straps. CONCLUSIONS: Breathing with positive airway pressure increases basilic vein diameter while reducing blood flow-velocity. This phenomenon might lead to an incorrect assessment of CVR, misleading the operator into choosing improperly large catheters.

Adecuación de los catéteres midline y mini-midline en pacientes con COVID-19 / daptation of midline and mini-midline catheters for patients with COVID-19

Objetivo: analizar el tiempo de permanencia y las principales causas de retirada de los catéteres midline (20 cm) y mini-midline (10 cm) en pacientes hospitalizados, y estudiar las diferencias en pacientes con COVID-19. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo realizado con datos de las historias clínicas en el Hospital Universitario Vall d´Hebron (Barcelona, España). Se analizaron catéteres insertados por el Equipo de Enfermería de Infusión y Accesos Venosos (EIAV) en pacientes hospitalizados durante 2020. Resultados: se incluyeron 357 catéteres de 305 pacientes (28,9% tenía COVID-19). Estos últimos presentaron mayor proporción de obesidad (21,6% vs. 9,2%; p= 0,003). La mediana de duración de catéteres insertados fue de 11-12 días, sin diferencias por el tipo de catéter ni por tener COVID-19 (p= 0,88). La principal causa de retirada en ambos grupos fue el fin del tratamiento, siendo mayor en pacientes sin COVID-19 (65,7% vs. 53,1%; p= 0,031), seguida del éxitus en pacientes con COVID-19 (22,9% frente a 8,9%; p= 0,001) y oclusión del catéter en el resto (17,3% vs. 8,33%; p= 0,035). Se dieron n= 4 casos de infección del catéter y n= 31 sospechas, sin diferencias según diagnóstico ni tipo de catéter. El motivo de retirada no varió según el acceso venoso de elección. Conclusiones: no existen diferencias en la duración de los catéteres respecto a su longitud, vena de inserción ni diagnóstico de COVID-19. La venopunción ecoguiada, la técnica estéril y la elección del tipo de catéter por parte de un EIAV parecen disminuir las complicaciones asociadas.(AU)

Objective: to analyse the time of permanence and main causes for removal of midline (20 cm) and mini-midline (10 cm) catheters in hospitalized patients, and to study the differences in patients with COVID-19. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study conducted with data from clinical records in the Hospital Universitario Vall d´Hebron (Barcelona, Spain). The study included catheters inserted by the Infusion and Vascular Access Nursing (IVAN) Team in patients hospitalized during 2020. Results: the study included 357 catheters in 305 patients (28.9% with COVID-19). The latter presented a higher rate of obesity (21.6% vs. 9.2%; p= 0.003). The median duration of catheters inserted was 11-12 days, without any difference by type of catheter or having COVID-19 (p= 0.88). The main cause for removal in both groups was the end of the treatment, and it was higher in patients without COVID-19 (65.7% vs. 53.1%; p= 0.031), followed by exitus in patients with COVID-19 (22.9% vs. 8.9%; p= 0.001), and catheter occlusion in the rest (17.3% vs. 8.33%; p= 0.035). There were n= 4 cases of catheter infection and n= 31 suspected cases, without difference by diagnosis or type of catheter. There was no variation in the cause for removal according to the venous access selected. Conclusions: there are no differences in terms of duration of catheters according to their length, vein of insertion or COVID-19 diagnosis. Ultrasound-guided venipuncture, sterile technique and selection of type of catheter by a member of the IVAN team seem to reduce the complications associated.(AU)

The effect of transilluminator device on successful peripheral venous catheter placement in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Peripheral venous catheter placement (PVCP) is difficult for children due to the small diameter of their veins in adipose tissue. The transilluminator device (TD) is proposed as the effective method for PVCP. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of TD on first attempt success rate (FASR), mean the number of attempts (MNA), and mean duration of successful PVC placement (MDSPP) in children. In a systematic review and meta-analysis, an extensive search of online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of sciences, Cochrane, Clinical trial.gov, ProQuest, and Google scholar search engine was conducted. Keywords were combined and searched from the earliest records up to December 2021. The current meta-analysis was performed using STATA V.14.0 software. Six studies (four RCTs and two non-RCTs design) were included in the present meta-analysis. Analysis showed using of TD significantly led to FASR to 34% in studies with RCTs design (RR = 1.34; CI = 1.18-1.53) although, non-RCT studies did not indicate it (RR: 0.95; CI = 0.50-1.79). Also, one RCT (WMD = -0.24; CI = -0.4 -0.08) and two non-RCTs 0.05 (WMD = -0.05; 95% CI = -0.46-0.37) reported the MNA. Two RCTs (WMD: -24.30; CI = -53.50-4.89) and one non-RCT (WMD: -295.20; CI = -359.34 to -231.06) found TD decreased MDSSP. RCTs and non-RCTs studies showed different results in terms of some outcomes. Based on the results of four RCTs studies, the use of TD significantly increased the FASR of PVCP. The results of two non-RCTs also showed TD insignificantly decreased the FASR of PVCP. More evidence (RCT design) is required for decision-making about the effectiveness of TD on successful PVCP.